This emulator came about because years ago I was a programmer for RSTS/E on a PDP 11/45 and had admired the console idle loop light pattern - but I couldn't quite remember how it looked. Given the unavailability of real systems it became time to write an emulator!
I was going to start with a PDP 11/45 emulator but the extra memory of a PDP 11/70 became far too attractive (a whole 4MB!). It took some time before I finally produced a
PDP 11/45 version, and then later a PDP-10 version.
I met my core objective - I can now see the RSTS/E console light pattern that I was looking for, and found that newer versions (eg v9.6) have a different light pattern. Also I have now seen some of the light patterns for other OSes. RSX and BSD 2.11
have their own different patterns, and Unix V5 and Ultrix operate with absolute minimum light movement (I'm assuming they operate mostly in WAIT mode).
Getting all of the operating systems used here presents its own set of challenges - one of which is finding the software in the first place. But one of the most interesting was RSTS/E V06C which has its own
story.
Note: The boot code in this emulator is a custom PDP 11 program running with it's own set of light patterns. It is initially loaded at address 120000 and has a LIGHTS command which operates by mapping and executing a WAIT instruction from a pattern of virtual addresses. You can also use the BOOT command to start one of the guest operating systems listed below, or the ODT command to start a version of the Octal Debugging Tool.
However boot code like this was not part of early PDP 11s. These systems had no BIOS or other software to help get the bare metal started. If you were lucky perhaps the previous boot code would still be intact in non-volatile magnetic core memory, but in general booting the system required toggling in a small bootstrap loader from the front panel.
Here is an example of the switch commands for booting from an RK05 where the value at address 1002 selects the unit number (rk0, rk1, rk2, etc). Goodluck!
To restart the initial boot code (if it has not been overwritten) use the switch commands:
HALT, 120000, LOAD ADDRESS, ENABLE, START
If you are interested in how the emulator works then you can browse the source files on
Github.
The main Javascript files are pdp11.js, fpp.js and iopage.js
Happy emulating!
Paul Nankervis
List of guest OS's:
DISK
OS
Notes
RK0
Unix V5
Boot using: unix then login as root
RK1
RT11 v4.0
The lightest/fastest OS here
RK2
RSTS V06C-03
Boot and login as 1,2 with password SYSTEM or as 11,70 using PDP
RK3
XXDP
Diagnostic OS and utilities
RK4
RT-11 3B
Distribution for RT-11 Version 3B
RK5
RT-11 V5.4F
Distribution for RT-11 Version 5.4F
TM0
RSTS 4B-17
Boot ROLLIN from TM0 and restore DK0 with "DK:<MT:VIXEN/REW". Reboot from DK0 with "/BO:DK" to auto-login as 1,2 (password is SYSTEM ) Relogin as 11,70 with password PDP Commands are case sensitive.
RL0
BSD 2.9
Boot using: rl(0,0)rlunix CTRL/D to exit single user and start multiuser - login as root (no password)
RL1
RSX 11M v3.2
Login as 1,2 with password SYSTEM
RL2
RSTS/E v7.0
Option: <LF> Suboption: <LF> ... Login as 1,2 using SYSTEM or 11,70 using PDP
RL3
XXDP
Larger version of diagnostics - including PDP 11/70 utilities
RP0
ULTRIX-11 V3.1
CTRL/D to enter multiuser mode. Login as root with no password
RP1
BSD 2.11
Will autoboot and enter multiuser mode. Login as root with no password
RP2
RSTS/E v9.6
Answer boot questions and login as 1,2 (password SYSTEM ) or 11,70 (no password)
RP3
RSX 11M v4.6
Starts logged in as 1,2 (password SYSTEM ) - user accounts 200,1 (no password) or 11,70 (password PDP )
RP4
RSTS/E v10.1
Answer boot questions and login as 1,2 (password SYSTEM ) or 11,70 (no password)
Example boot of Unix V5
Boot> boot rk0
@unix
login: root
# cat /etc/passwd
root::0:1::/:
daemon::1:1::/bin:
bin::3:1::/bin:
# who
root tty8 Mar 21 12:09
# chdir /usr/sys/ken
# pwd
../usr/sys/ken
# ls -al
total 121
drwxr-xr-x 2 bin 352 Nov 26 18:13 .
drwxr-xr-x 5 bin 384 Nov 26 18:13 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 bin 3855 Nov 26 18:13 alloc.c
-rw-r--r-- 1 bin 2159 Nov 26 18:13 clock.c
-rw-r--r-- 1 bin 2662 Nov 26 18:13 fio.c
-rw-r--r-- 1 bin 2941 Nov 26 18:13 iget.c
-rw-r--r-- 1 bin 2674 Nov 26 18:13 main.c
...
# ls -al /usr/games
total 64
drwxr-xr-x 2 bin 144 Nov 26 18:13 .
drwxr-xr-x 14 bin 224 Nov 26 18:13 ..
-rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 1562 Nov 26 18:13 bj
-rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 16268 Nov 26 18:13 chess
-rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 2468 Nov 26 18:13 cubic
-rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 624 Nov 26 18:13 moo
-rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 2192 Nov 26 18:13 ttt
-rw-rw-rw- 1 bin 294 Nov 26 18:13 ttt.k
-rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 5386 Nov 26 18:13 wump
# ls -al /bin
total 339
drwxr-xr-x 2 bin 944 Nov 26 18:13 .
drwxr-xr-x 9 bin 160 Jan 29 16:14 ..
-rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 1514 Nov 26 18:13 ar
-rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 7308 Nov 26 18:13 as
-rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 6042 Nov 26 18:13 bas
-rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 152 Nov 26 18:13 cat
-rwxr-xr-x 1 bin 5668 Nov 26 18:13 cc
....
# ls -al /usr/source/s2
total 281
drwxr-xr-x 2 bin 848 Jan 2 19:36 .
drwxr-xr-x 7 bin 112 Nov 26 18:13 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 bin 4233 Nov 26 18:13 mail.c
-rw-r--r-- 1 bin 588 Nov 26 18:13 mesg.s
-rw-r--r-- 1 bin 1088 Nov 26 18:13 mkdir.s
-rw-r--r-- 1 bin 6922 Nov 26 18:13 mkfs.c
-rw-r--r-- 1 bin 563 Nov 26 18:13 mknod.c
...
# chdir /
# cal 10 1981
Oct 1981
S M Tu W Th F S
1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
# basprint sqr(2)
1.414213562
10 print "Calculating e"
20 p = 20
30 k = 1
40 e = 0
50 for x=1 p
60 e = e + 1/k
70 k = k * x
80 next x
90 print "e=" e " (" exp(1) ")"
run
Calculating e
e=2.718281828 (2.718281828)
CTRL/D
# cat> hello.c
main(argc, argv)
char **argv;
{
printf("Hello world\n");
}CTRL/D
# cc hello.c
# a.out
Hello world
# cat> pi.f
c PI via Nilakantha series: 3 + 4/(2*3*4) - 4/(4*5*6) + 4/(6*7*8) ...
double precision pi, n, d
pi = 3.0
n = 4.0
d = 2.0
do 25 i=1,3000
pi = pi + n / (d * (d + 1.0) * (d + 2.0))
d = d + 2.0
n = -n
25 continue
write(6,70) pi
70 format('PI is approximately ', d2.16)
endCTRL/D
# fc pi.f
# a.out
PI is approximately 0.3141592653580503d+01
#
Example boot of RT11 v4.0
Boot> boot rk1
RT-11SJ V04.00C
.D 56=5015
.TYPE V4USER.TXT
Welcome to RT-11 Version 4. RT-11 V04 provides new hardware support
and some major enhancements over Version 3B.
Please use the HELP command; it describes the new options in many
of the utilities.
If you are using a terminal that requires fill characters,
modify location 56 with a Deposit command before proceeding with
system installation. LA36 DECwriter II and VT52 DECscope terminals
do NOT require such modification.
.D 56=0
.DIR
SWAP .SYS 25 01-Feb-82 RT11BL.SYS 65 01-Feb-82
RT11SJ.SYS 67 01-Feb-82 RT11FB.SYS 80 01-Feb-82
...
DISMT2.COM 8 01-Feb-82 DUNGEO.COM 1 07-Jun-86
DSAVE .DAT 10 07-Jun-86 ADVENT.DOC 4 20-Jul-85
DUNGEO.SAV 216 07-Jun-86 DINDX .DAT 20 07-Jun-86
DTEXT .DAT 383 07-Jun-86 ADVENT.SAV 93 20-Jul-85
ADVENT.VAR 22 20-Jul-85 ADVTXT.TXT 125 20-Jul-85
ODT11 .MAC 61 31-Oct-74 ANIMAL.SAV 22 02-Oct-85
BLKJAK.SAV 20 02-Nov-85 FORTH .MAC 146
RTLEM .MAC 363 06-Sep-73 BOOT .MAC 26 24-Mar-75
118 Files, 3392 Blocks
1370 Free blocks
.R DUNGEO
Welcome to Dungeon. This version created 10-AUG-78.
You are in an open field west of a big white house with a boarded
front door.
There is a small mailbox here.
>OPEN MAILBOX
Opening the mailbox reveals:
A leaflet.
>READ LEAFLET
Taken.
Welcome to Dungeon!
Dungeon is a game of adventure, danger, and low cunning. In it
you will explore some of the most amazing territory ever seen by mortal
man. Hardened adventurers have run screaming from the terrors contained
within.
In Dungeon, the intrepid explorer delves into the forgotten secrets
of a lost labyrinth deep in the bowels of the earth, searching for
vast treasures long hidden from prying eyes, treasures guarded by
fearsome monsters and diabolical traps!
No DECsystem should be without one!
Dungeon was created at the Programming Technology Division of the MIT
Laboratory for Computer Science by Tim Anderson, Marc Blank, Bruce
Daniels, and Dave Lebling. It was inspired by the Adventure game of
Crowther and Woods, and the Dungeons and Dragons game of Gygax
and Arneson. The original version was written in MDL (alias MUDDLE).
The current version was translated from MDL into FORTRAN IV by
a somewhat paranoid DEC engineer who prefers to remain anonymous.
On-line information may be obtained with the commands HELP and INFO.
>QUIT
Your score would be 0 [total of 560 points], in 1 move.
This gives you the rank of beginner.
Do you wish to leave the game?
Y
.MAC RTLEM
ERRORS DETECTED: 0
.LINK RTLEM
.RUN RTLEM
... attempt to land the lunar module using the mouse as a light pen - goodluck!
Example boot of RSTS V06C-03
Boot> boot rk2
RSTS V06C-03 Vixen (DK2)
Option:
You currently have: JOB MAX = 31, SWAP MAX = 28K.
You currently have crash dump disabled.
DD-MMM-YY? 31-OCT-76
12:00 PM? 9:03
INIT V06C-03 RSTS V06C-03 Vixen
Command File Name?
DETACHING...
I11/70
Password: PDP
Ready
DIR
Name .Ext Size Prot Date SY:[11,70]
ACEY .BAS 5 < 60> 31-Oct-76
TREK .BAS 16 < 60> 31-Oct-76
TREK .DOC 9 < 60> 31-Oct-76
ANIMAL.BAS 5 < 60> 31-Oct-76
STRTRK.BAS 27 < 60> 31-Mar-81
STRTR1.BAS 9 < 60> 31-Mar-81
ADVENT.DOC 4 < 60> 20-Jul-85
ADVENT.SAV 93 <124> 20-Jul-85
ADVENT.VAR 22 < 60> 20-Jul-85
ADVTXT.TXT 125 < 60> 20-Jul-85
SYSMAC.SML 42 < 60> 13-Mar-77
HELLO .MAC 1 < 60> 13-Mar-77
PRIME .BAS 1 < 60> 24-Mar-76
PI .BAS 1 < 60> 24-Mar-76
BOOT .MAC 26 < 60> 01-Jan-76
Total of 386 blocks in 15 files in SY:[11,70]
Ready
RUN PI
3.14159265358979
Ready
RUN ADVENT
WELCOME TO ADVENTURE!! WOULD YOU LIKE INSTRUCTIONS?
NO
YOU ARE STANDING AT THE END OF A ROAD BEFORE A SMALL BRICK BUILDING.
AROUND YOU IS A FOREST. A SMALL STREAM FLOWS OUT OF THE BUILDING AND
DOWN A GULLY.
E
YOU ARE INSIDE A BUILDING, A WELL HOUSE FOR A LARGE SPRING.
THERE ARE SOME KEYS ON THE GROUND HERE.
THERE IS A SHINY BRASS LAMP NEARBY.
THERE IS FOOD HERE.
THERE IS A BOTTLE OF WATER HERE.
GET FOOD
OK
QUIT
DO YOU REALLY WANT TO QUIT NOW?
Y
OK
YOU SCORED 32 OUT OF A POSSIBLE 350, USING 3 TURNS.
YOU ARE OBVIOUSLY A RANK AMATEUR. BETTER LUCK NEXT TIME.
TO ACHIEVE THE NEXT HIGHER RATING, YOU NEED 4 MORE POINTS.
Ready
RUN ACEY
ACEY DUCEY CARD GAME
CREATIVE COMPUTING MORRISTOWN, NEW JERSEY
ACEY-DUCEY IS PLAYED IN THE FOLLOWING MANNER
THE DEALER (COMPUTER) DEALS TWO CARDS FACE UP
YOU HAVE AN OPTION TO BET OR NOT BET DEPENDING
ON WHETHER OR NOT YOU FEEL THE CARD WILL HAVE
A VALUE BETWEEN THE FIRST TWO.
IF YOU DO NOT WANT TO BET, INPUT A 0
YOU NOW HAVE 100 DOLLARS.
HERE ARE YOUR NEXT TWO CARDS:
4
5
WHAT IS YOUR BET? 100
9
SORRY, YOU LOSE
SORRY, FRIEND, BUT YOU BLEW YOUR WAD.
TRY AGAIN (YES OR NO)? NO
O.K., HOPE YOU HAD FUN!
Ready
SYSTAT
RSTS V06C-03 Vixen status at 31-Oct-76, 09:05 AM Up: 2:34
Job Who Where What Size State Run-Time RTS
1 [OPR] Det ERRCPY 5K SR 5.0 BASIC
2 [SELF] KB0 SYSTAT 8K RN Lck 2.1 BASIC
Busy Devices: None
Disk Structure:
Disk Open Free Cluster Errors Name Comments
DK2 3 324 1 0 VIXEN Pub, DLW
Small Large Jobs Hung TTY's Errors
380 1 2/2 0 0
Run-Time Systems:
Name Ext Size Users Comments
BASIC BAC 16(16)K 2 Perm, Addr:26, KBM, CSZ
RSX TSK 2(28)K 0 Non-Res, KBM
RT11 SAV 4(28)K 0 Temp, Addr:66, KBM, CSZ, EMT:255
RMS11 TSK 4(28)K 0 Non-Res
Message Receivers:
Name Job Msgs Max Senders
ERRLOG 1 0 40 Priv
Ready
BYE/Y
Saved all disk files; 388 blocks in use, 112 free
Job 2 User 11,70 logged off KB0 at 31-Oct-76 09:05 AM
System RSTS V06C-03 Vixen
Run time was 2.7 seconds
Elapsed time was 2 minutes
Good morning
Example boot of XXDP
Boot> boot rk3
CHMDKB1 XXDP+ DK MONITOR
BOOTED VIA UNIT 3
28K UNIBUS SYSTEM
ENTER DATE (DD-MMM-YY):
RESTART ADDR: 152010
THIS IS XXDP+. TYPE "H" OR "H/L" FOR HELP.
.R EKBB??
EKBBF0.BIC
CEKBBF0 11/70 CPU #2
A
CPU UNDER TEST FOUND TO BE A KB11-B/C OR KB11-CM
LOOK AT THE CONSOLE LIGHTS
THE DATA LIGHTS SHOULD READ 166667
THE ADDRESS LIGHTS SHOULD READ 032236
CHANGE SWITCH 7 TO CONTINUE
LOOK AT THE CONSOLE LIGHTS
THE DATA LIGHTS SHOULD READ 166667
THE ADDRESS LIGHTS SHOULD READ 032316
TYPE A CHARACTER TO CONTINUE
END PASS # 1 TOTAL ERRORS SINCE LAST REPORT 0
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
END PASS # 2 TOTAL ERRORS SINCE LAST REPORT 0
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
END PASS # 3 TOTAL ERRORS SINCE LAST REPORT 0
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
END PASS # 4 TOTAL ERRORS SINCE LAST REPORT 0
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
END PASS # 5 TOTAL ERRORS SINCE LAST REPORT 0
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
...
Example boot of RSTS 4B-17
Boot> boot tm0
ROLLIN V07
#DK:<MT:VIXEN/REW
END-OF-FILE DURING READ, TYPE
M TO MOUNT ANOTHER REEL, OR K TO KILL REQUEST: k
#/BO:DK:
RSTS V04B-17 VIXEN
OPTION? ^J
DD-MON-YY? 24-MAR-75
HH:MM? 9:21
VIXEN - SYSTEM PACK MOUNTED
ENABLE CRASH DUMP? N
CHAIN "INIT"
CATASTROPHIC ERROR
PROGRAM LOST-SORRY
I/O CHANNEL NOT OPEN
Ready
SYSTEM INITIALIZATION PROGRAM
END OF FILE ON DEVICE - INIT ASSUMED COMPLETE
Ready
CAT
LOGIN .BAS 7 60 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:42 AM
LOGIN .BAC 15 60 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:42 AM
LOGOUT.BAS 7 60 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:42 AM
LOGOUT.BAC 15 60 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:42 AM
PIP .BAS 18 60 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:42 AM
PIP .BAC 23 40 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:42 AM
SYSTAT.BAS 12 60 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:42 AM
SYSTAT.BAC 19 168 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:42 AM
...
Ready
RUN TTYSET
'TTYSET' TERMINAL CHARACTERISTICS PROGRAM
? LC
? ^Z
Ready
run utilty
'UTILTY' SYSTEM UTILITY PROGRAM
? LOGINS
? HELP
COMMANDS ARE:
MOUNT DEV:ID DISMOUNT DEV:
LOCK DEV: UNLOCK DEV:
NO LOGINS LOGINS
CLEAN DEV: KILL JOB#
SEND KBN: STRING FORCE KBN: [^]STRING
CHANGE [ACCT]PASSWORD QUOTA [ACCT] QUOTA
ZERO DEV:[ACCT] HANGUP KBN:
DATE DD-MMM-YY TIME HH:MM
? ^Z
Ready
run pip
PIP - RSTS V04B-17 VIXEN
#acct.sys
11,70,PDP,0,2,PDP 11/70 EMULATOR
#^Z
Ready
run systat
OUTPUT STATUS TO? kb:
RSTS V04B-17 VIXEN STATUS ON 24-Mar-75 AT 09:22 AM UP: 1:07
JOB WHO WHERE WHAT SIZE STATE RUN-TIME
1 1,2 KB0 SYSTAT 6K RN 0.1
BUSY DEVICES: NONE
DISK STRUCTURE:
DISK OPEN FREE CLUSTER ERRORS COMMENTS
DK0 0 3185 1 0 PUBLIC
SMALL LARGE ERRORS HUNG TTY'S
69 0 0 0
Ready
bye
CONFIRM: y
SAVED ALL DISK FILES; 782 BLOCKS IN USE
JOB 1 USER 1,2 LOGGED OFF KB0 AT 24-Mar-75 09:22 AM
SYSTEM RSTS V04B-17 VIXEN
RUN TIME WAS .1 SECONDS
ELAPSED TIME WAS 1 MINUTE, 20 SECONDS
GOOD MORNING
HELLO
RSTS V04B-17 VIXEN JOB 1 KB0 24-Mar-75 09:24 AM
#11,70
PASSWORD: PDP
RSTS V4B-17 IS NOW AVAILABLE...
NEW OR OLD--
^C
Ready
CAT
PRIME .BAS 1 60 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:43 AM
PI .BAS 1 60 31-Oct-71 31-Oct-71 06:43 AM
Ready
OLD PI
Ready
LIST
PI 09:25 AM 24-Mar-75
10 REM CALCULATE PI
20 P = 0
30 P1 = 1
40 FOR K%=0% TO 10%
50 P = P + 1.0/P1 * (4.0/(8%*K% + 1%) - 2.0/(8%*K% + 4%) - 1.0/(8%*K% +5%) - 1.0/(8%*K% + 6%))
60 P1 = P1 * 16.0
70 NEXT K%
80 PRINT USING "#.##############",P
99 END
Ready
RUN
PI 09:25 AM 24-Mar-75
3.14159265358979
Ready
Example boot of BSD 2.9
Boot> boot rl0
:boot
70Boot
: rl(0,0)rlunix
Berkeley UNIX (Rev. 2.9.1) Sun Nov 20 14:55:50 PST 1983
mem = 3797696
xp2: drive type 20 unrecognized
xp3: drive type 20 unrecognized
CONFIGURE SYSTEM:
xp 0 csr 176700 vector 254 attached
rk 0 csr 177400 vector 220 attached
hk ? csr 177440 vector 210 skipped: No CSR
rl 0 csr 174400 vector 160 attached
rp ? csr 176700 vector 254 interrupt vector already in use
ht 0 csr 172440 vector 224 skipped: No CSR
tm 0 csr 172520 vector 224 attached
ts 0 csr 172520 vector 224 interrupt vector already in use
dh ? csr 160020 vector 370 skipped: No CSR
dm ? csr 170500 vector 360 skipped: No autoconfig routines
dz ? csr 160110 vector 320 skipped: No CSR
dz ? csr 160110 vector 320 skipped: No CSR
dn 0 csr 175200 vector 300 skipped: No autoconfig routines
vp ? csr 177500 vector 174 skipped: No autoconfig routines
lp 0 csr 177514 vector 200 attached
Erase=^?, kill=^U, intr=^C
# ^D
Wed Dec 31 16:02:43 PST 1969
/etc/fstab: No such file or directory
/usr/sys: No such file or directory
init: /dev/tty07: cannot open
init: /dev/tty06: cannot open
init: /dev/tty05: cannot open
init: /dev/tty04: cannot open
init: /dev/tty03: cannot open
init: /dev/tty02: cannot open
init: /dev/tty01: cannot open
init: /dev/tty00: cannot open
Berkeley Unix 2.9BSD
:login: root
Welcome to the 2.9BSD (Berkeley) UNIX system.
# cat /etc/passwd
root::0:2:The Man:/:/bin/csh
toor::0:2:The Man:/:
daemon:***:1:1:The devil himself:/:
sys:***:2:1::/:
bin:***:3:1::/:
uucp::4:1:UNIX-to-UNIX Copy:/usr/spool/uucppublic:/usr/lib/uucp/uucico
notes:***:5:1:Notesfiles maintainer:/usr/spool/notes:
anon:***:6:1:Notesfiles anonymous user:/usr/spool/notes:
news:***:7:1:News maintainer:/usr/spool/news:
wnj:ZDjXDBwXle2gc:8:2:Bill Joy,457E,7780:/a/guest/wnj:/bin/csh
dmr:AiInt5qKdjmHs:9:2:Dennis Ritchie:/a/guest/dmr:
ken:sq5UDrPlKj1nA:10:2:& Thompson:/a/guest/ken:
mike:KnKNwMkyCt8ZI:11:2:mike karels:/a/guest/mike:/bin/csh
carl:S2KiTfS3pH3kg:12:2:& Smith,508-21E,6258:/a/guest/carl:/bin/csh
joshua::999:2:&:/usr/games:/usr/games/wargames
# ls -al
total 546
drwxr-xr-x11 root daemon 512 Mar 7 09:00 .
drwxr-xr-x11 root daemon 512 Mar 7 09:00 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root daemon 164 Sep 29 09:20 .cshrc
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root daemon 266 Mar 7 08:43 .login
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root superuse 2 Jul 26 16:00 .msgsrc
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root daemon 116 Mar 30 00:59 .profile
-rw-r--r-- 1 root superuse 56 Nov 20 16:03 2.9stamp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root superuse 450 Mar 30 00:50 READ_ME
drwxrwxr-x 2 bin bin 1632 Nov 20 16:04 bin
-rwxrwxr-x 1 root superuse 23572 Mar 7 09:05 boot
drwxrwxr-x 2 root superuse 1424 Nov 20 18:11 dev
drwxr-xr-x 2 root superuse 768 Nov 20 17:46 etc
-rwxrwxr-x 1 root superuse 561 Jul 26 16:55 genallsys.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root sys 74534 Nov 20 16:38 hkunix
drwxrwxr-x 2 bin bin 416 Nov 20 16:06 lib
drwxrwxr-x 2 root daemon 4128 Dec 7 22:35 lost+found
drwxrwxr-x 2 root superuse 128 Apr 11 10:00 mdec
drwx------ 2 root daemon 32 Jul 7 13:07 mnt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root sys 74534 Nov 20 16:38 rkunix
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root sys 74534 Nov 20 16:38 rlunix
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root sys 74534 Nov 20 16:39 rpunix
drwxrwxrwx 2 root superuse 144 May 30 19:42 tmp
-rwxr-xr-x 2 root sys 104798 Nov 20 16:33 unix
drwxrwxrwx 2 root superuse 48 Feb 18 18:16 usr
-rwxr-xr-x 2 root sys 104798 Nov 20 16:33 xpunix
#
...
Example boot of RSX 11M v3.2
Boot> boot rl1
RSX-11M V3.2 BL26 1912K MAPPED
>RED DL1:=SY:
>RED DL1:=LB:
>MOU DL1:RSXM26
>@DL1:[1,2]STARTUP
>* Enter date and time ( dd-mmm-yy hh:mm ) [S]: 29-JAN-90 12:01
>TIM 29-JAN-90 12:01
>INS $PIP
>INS $EDT
>BYE
>
HAVE A GOOD AFTERNOON
29-JAN-90 12:01 TT0: LOGGED OFF
>@ <EOF>
>HELLO 1,2
PASSWORD:
RSX-11M BL26 MULTI-USER SYSTEM
GOOD AFTERNOON
29-JAN-90 12:01 LOGGED ON TERMINAL TT0:
Welcome to RSX-11M V3.2 timesharing
>PIP/LI
DIRECTORY DL1:[1,2]
29-JAN-90 12:01
HELLO.MAC;1 1. 30-OCT-76 12:02
SYE.HLP;1 8. 26-MAY-79 13:52
EDTCOM.MSG;1 16. 26-MAY-79 13:52
QIOSYM.MSG;1 29. 26-MAY-79 13:52
LOGIN.TXT;1 1. 31-OCT-81 12:11
HELP.HLP;1 1. 31-OCT-81 12:11
STARTUP.CMD;1 1. 31-OCT-81 12:04
FORTH.MAC;1 149. 30-OCT-76 12:02
TOTAL OF 206./223. BLOCKS IN 8. FILES
>INS $MAC
>MAC HELLO,HELLO=HELLO
>INS $TKB
>TKB HELLO=HELLO
>INS HELLO
>RUN HELLO
>HELLO WORLD!
>UNS HELLO
>BYE
>
HAVE A GOOD AFTERNOON
29-JAN-90 12:02 TT0: LOGGED OFF
>
Example boot of RSTS/E v7.0
Boot> boot rl2
RSTS V7.0-07 Vixen (DL2)
Option: ^J
You currently have: JOB MAX = 63, SWAP MAX = 31K.
Default memory allocation table specifies some existing memory
as being nonexistent.
Table will be reset by RSTS.
Memory allocation table:
0K: 00000000 - 00207777 ( 34K) : EXEC
34K: 00210000 - 00307777 ( 16K) : RTS (BASIC)
50K: 00310000 - 16737777 (1862K) : USER
1912K: 16740000 - End : NXM
Table suboption? ^J
You currently have crash dump disabled.
DD-MMM-YY? 31-OCT-81
12:00 PM? 9:32
INIT V7.0-07 RSTS V7.0-07 Vixen
Command File Name? ^J
DETACHING...
...
ERRINT V7.0-07 RSTS V7.0-07 Vixen
ERRLOG File is 2% Full
Change Size to < 100>?
Utilize Crash File Output (Yes/No) <No>?
Detaching . . .
I11,70
Password: PDP
Welcome to RSTS/E V7.0 time sharing
...
Ready
DIR
Name .Ext Size Prot Date SY:[11,70]
ACEY .BAS 5 < 60> 31-Oct-76
TREK .BAS 16 < 60> 31-Oct-76
TREK .DOC 9 < 60> 31-Oct-76
ANIMAL.BAS 5 < 60> 31-Oct-76
STRTRK.BAS 27 < 60> 31-Mar-81
STRTR1.BAS 9 < 60> 31-Mar-81
ADVENT.DOC 4 < 60> 20-Jul-85
ADVENT.SAV 93 <124> 20-Jul-85
ADVENT.VAR 22 < 60> 20-Jul-85
ADVTXT.TXT 125 < 60> 20-Jul-85
SYSMAC.SML 42 < 60> 13-Mar-77
HELLO .MAC 1 < 60> 13-Mar-77
BOOT .MAC 24 < 60> 13-Mar-77
PRIME .BAS 1 < 60> 24-Mar-76
PI .BAS 1 < 60> 24-Mar-76
Total of 384 blocks in 15 files in SY:[11,70]
Ready
SYSTAT
RSTS V7.0-07 Vixen status at 31-Oct-81, 09:32 AM Up: 36
Job Who Where What Size State Run-Time RTS
1 [OPR] Det ERRCPY 5K SR 4.7 BASIC
2 [SELF] KB0 SYSTAT 11K RN Lck 0.3 BASIC
Busy Devices: None
Disk Structure:
Disk Open Free Cluster Errors Name Comments
DL2 3 2500 1 0 VIXEN Pub, DLW
Small Large Jobs Hung TTY's Errors
486 1 2/2 0 0
Run-Time Systems:
Name Ext Size Users Comments
BASIC BAC 16(16)K 2 Perm, Addr:34, KBM, CSZ
RT11 SAV 4(28)K 0 Non-Res, KBM, CSZ, EMT:255
RSX TSK 3(28)K 0 Non-Res, KBM
TECO TEC 8(24)K 0 Non-Res
Resident Libraries: None
Message Receivers:
Name Job Msgs Max Senders
ERRLOG 1 0 40 Priv
Ready
EDT TEST.BAS
*I
10 PRINT "SIMPLE TEST"
20 END
^Z
*EX
2 LINES OUTPUT
Ready
OLD TEST
Ready
RUN
TEST 09:33 AM 31-Oct-81
SIMPLE TEST
Ready
BYE
Confirm: Y
Saved all disk files; 387 blocks in use, 113 free
Job 2 User 11,70 logged off KB0 at 31-Oct-81 09:33 AM
System RSTS V7.0-07 Vixen
Run time was .6 seconds
Elapsed time was 1 minute
Good morning
Example boot of XXDP
Boot> boot rl3
CHMDLD0 XXDP+ DL MONITOR
BOOTED VIA UNIT 3
28K UNIBUS SYSTEM
ENTER DATE (DD-MMM-YY):
RESTART ADDR: 152010
THIS IS XXDP+. TYPE "H" OR "H/L" FOR HELP.
.R EQKC??
EQKCE1.BIC
CEQKC-E...PDP 11/70 CPU EXERCISER
CPU UNDER TEST FOUND TO BE A 11/74 (KB11CM)
PROCESSOR ID REGISTER =000001 (OCTAL) 1 (DECIMAL)
OPT.CP=165406
OPERATIONAL SWITCH SETTINGS
SWITCH USE
15 HALT ON ERROR
14 LOOP ON TEST
13 INHIBIT ERROR TYPEOUTS
12 INHIBIT UBE
11 INHIBIT ITTERATIONS
10 BELL ON ERROR
9 LOOP ON ERROR
8 ALLOW RELOCATION VIA I/O DEVICE (NOTE CHANGE)
7 INHIBIT TYPEOUT OF THIS TEXT AND SYS SIZE
6 INHIBIT RELOCATION
5 INHIBIT ROUND ROBIN RELOCATION
4 INHIBIT RANDOM DISK ADDRESS
3 INHIBIT MBT
2 THESE THREE SWITCHES
1 ARE ENCODED TO SELECT RELOCATION
0 ON THE FOLLOWING DEVICES:
0...RP11/RP03
1...RK11/RK05
2...NOT USED
3...NOT USED
4...RH70/RP04
5...RH70/RS04 OR RS03
6...NOT USED
7...NOT USED
**NOTE** SWITCH REG BIT 8 HAS BEEN REVERSED IN REV D
NOTE THAT SWR BIT 8 SET NOW ALLOWS I/O RELOCATION
THIS PROGRAM SUPPORTS I/O RELOCATION ONLY WITH THE FOLLOWING DEVICES:
RP03,RK05,RP04/5/6,RS03/4
THE FOLLOWING DEVICES AND DRIVES WILL BE USED FOR RELOCATION IF BIT 8 SET:
DEVICE DRIVES
RK05 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
RP04 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
TYPE A CHARACTER TO CONTINUE
k1THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOGS BACK 0123456789
2THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOGS BACK 0123456789
3THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOGS BACK 0123456789
4THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOGS BACK 0123456789
5THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOGS BACK 0123456789
000:01:01
END PASS # 1 TOTAL ERRORS SINCE LAST REPORT 0
1THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPED OVER THE LAZY DOGS BACK 0123456789
...
Example boot of ULTRIX-11 System V3.1
Boot> boot rp0
Sizing Memory...
Boot: hp(0,0)unix (CTRL/C will abort auto-boot)
hp(0,0)unix: 36754+55616+8128+7744+8128+7616+3648
ULTRIX-11 Kernel V3.1
realmem = 3915776
buffers = 73728
clists = 2080
usermem = 3677312
maxumem = 417792
proc on q
erase = delete, kill = ^U, intr = ^C
# ^D
Restricted rights:
Use, duplication, or disclosure is subject
to restrictions stated in your contract with
Digital Equipment Corporation.
*UNIX is a trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories.
Mounted /dev/hp01 on /usr
Mounted /dev/hp05 on /user1
Sat Oct 31 16:52:30 PST 1981
ERROR LOG has - 1 of 200 blocks used
ULTRIX-11 System V3.1 (vixen)
login: root
Welcome to the ULTRIX-11 System
erase = delete, kill = ^U, intr = ^C
vixen# ls -al
total 373
drwxr-xr-x16 root 912 Oct 31 16:40 .
drwxr-xr-x16 root 912 Oct 31 16:40 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root 93 Jan 15 06:07 .cshrc
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root 115 Jan 15 06:07 .login
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 204 Oct 31 16:39 .profile
drwx------ 2 root 144 Oct 31 17:00 .setup
drwxr-xr-x 2 root 3424 Oct 31 16:02 bin
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 42548 Jan 20 13:43 boot
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 42548 Jan 20 13:43 boot.bu
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 191 Oct 6 07:58 crt.profile
drwxr-xr-x 2 root 4736 Oct 31 16:52 dev
drwxr-xr-x 4 root 1232 Oct 31 16:52 etc
-rw-r--r-- 2 root 131330 Oct 31 16:25 gunix
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root 36 Oct 31 16:40 hello.c
drwxr-xr-x 2 root 544 Oct 31 17:00 lib
drwx------ 2 root 512 Sep 26 08:53 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root 256 Aug 6 17:21 mdec
drwxrwxr-x 2 root 32 Oct 31 16:20 media
drwx------ 2 root 32 Jul 10 1980 mnt
drwx------ 2 root 256 Sep 29 16:01 opr
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 185 Oct 6 07:58 prt.profile
drwxr-xr-x 2 root 640 Jul 28 05:45 sas
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root 249 Oct 31 16:40 size.c
drwxrwxrwx 2 root 304 Oct 31 16:02 tmp
-rw-r--r-- 2 root 131330 Oct 31 16:25 unix
drwxr-xr-x 6 root 96 Oct 31 16:37 user1
drwxr-xr-x24 root 384 Oct 31 16:05 usr
vixen# df
Filesystem total kbytes kbytes percent
node kbytes used free used Mounted on
/dev/hp00 4606 3120 1486 68% /
/dev/hp01 9629 7800 1829 80% /usr
/dev/hp05 81036 28489 52547 35% /user1
vixen# who
root console Oct 31 16:52
vixen# ps -aux
PID TTY TIME CMD
41 co 0:00 -sh
50 co 0:00 ps -aux
vixen# cc hello.c
vixen# a.out
Hello world
vixen# cat> size.c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Size of char: %d byte\n",sizeof(char));
printf("Size of int: %d bytes\n",sizeof(int));
printf("Size of float: %d bytes\n",sizeof(float));
printf("Size of double: %d bytes\n",sizeof(double));
}
^D
vixen# cc size.c
vixen# a.out
Size of char: 1 byte
Size of int: 2 bytes
Size of float: 4 bytes
Size of double: 8 bytes
vixen# ls /user1
lost+found root src user1
vixen# ls /user1/src
etc src sys usr
vixen# ls -al /user1/src/usr
total 6
drwxrwxr-x 6 root 96 Oct 31 16:38 .
drwxrwxr-x 6 root 96 Oct 31 16:38 ..
drwxrwxr-x 3 root 48 Oct 31 16:38 games
drwxrwxr-x 5 root 80 Oct 31 16:38 include
drwxrwxr-x 3 root 96 Oct 31 16:38 lib
drwxrwxr-x 2 root 64 Oct 31 16:38 local
vixen# uname
ULTRIX-11
vixen# ^D
ULTRIX-11 System V3.1 (vixen)
login: sys
Welcome to the ULTRIX-11 System
$ cd conf
$ sysgen
ULTRIX-11 System Generation Program
For help, type h then press <RETURN>
sysgen> c
For help, answer the question with ?<RETURN>
To backup to the previous question, type <CTRL/D>
Configuration name <unix> ? vixen
Processor type:
( 23 23+ 24 34 40 44 45 55 60 70 73 83 84 ) < 70 > ?
Memory size in K bytes (K = 1024) < 3824 > ?
I/O buffer cache size (NBUF: min = 16, max = 72) < 72 > ?
Please enter the system (ROOT) disk controller first.
Disk controller type:
< rh11 rh70 rp11 rk611 rk711 rl11 rx211 rk11,
uda50 kda50 rqdx1 rqdx2 rqdx3 klesi rux1 > ? rh11
First MASSBUS disk controller:
Drive 0 type < rm02 rp04 rp05 rp06 ml11 > ? rp06
Drive 1 type < rm02 rp04 rp05 rp06 ml11 > ? rp06
Drive 2 type < rm02 rp04 rp05 rp06 ml11 > ?
CSR address <176700> ?
Vector address <254> ?
Is the system disk on this controller <yes> ?
System disk unit number <0> ?
Disk controller type:
< rh11 rh70 rp11 rk611 rk711 rl11 rx211 rk11,
uda50 kda50 rqdx1 rqdx2 rqdx3 klesi rux1 > ? rl11
Drive 0 type < rl01 rl02 > ? rl02
Drive 1 type < rl01 rl02 > ? rl02
Drive 2 type < rl01 rl02 > ?
CSR address <174400> ?
Vector address <160> ?
Disk controller type:
< rh11 rh70 rp11 rk611 rk711 rl11 rx211 rk11,
uda50 kda50 rqdx1 rqdx2 rqdx3 klesi rux1 > ?
Use standard placement of root, swap, and error log <yes> ?
Magtape controller:
< tm02 tm03 tm11 ts11 tsv05 tsu05 tu80 tk50 tu81 > ? tk50
Magtape unit number < 0->3 > ? 0
CSR address <174500> ?
Vector address <260> ?
Magtape unit number < 0->3 > ?
Magtape controller:
< tm02 tm03 tm11 ts11 tsv05 tsu05 tu80 tk50 tu81 > ?
Crash dump device < tk50 rp06 > ? rp06
LP11/LPV11 line printer present <no> ? y
CSR address <177514> ?
vector address <200> ?
Communications devices:
< dz dzv dzq dh dhu dhv dhdm du dn kl dl > ? dl
Number of units <1> ? 4
CSR address <175610> ?
Vector address <300> ?
Communications devices:
< dz dzv dzq dh dhu dhv dhdm du dn kl dl > ?
Number of pseudo ttys <4> ?
Include C/A/T phototypesetter driver <no> ?
User devices:
< u1 u2 u3 u4 > ?
Current CPU has floating point hardware!
Include kernel floating point simulator <no> ?
Include TCP/IP ethernet support <yes> ? no
Use standard system parameters <yes> ?
...
Timezone (hours west/behind GMT) <5=EST 6=CST 7=MST 8=PST> ? 5
Does your area use daylight savings time <yes> ?
Choose the Geographic Area for daylight savings time from the table below:
Geographic Area Selection
--------------- ---------
USA 1
Australia 2
Western Europe 3
Central Europe 4
Eastern Europe 5
Enter the selection number <1> 2
ULTRIX-11 System Generation Program
For help, type h then press <RETURN>
sysgen> m
Configuration name <unix> ? vixen
****** CREATING ULTRIX-11 CONFIGURATION AND VECTOR TABLES ******
Device Address Vector units
console 177560 60
kw11-l 177456 100
kw11-p 172540 104
rl 174400 160 2
lp 177514 200 1
hp 176700 254 2 (crash dump device)
tk 174500 260 1
dl 175610 300 4
Filsys Device maj/min start length
root hp 9/0
pipe hp 9/0
swap hp 9/2 200 6070
errlog hp 26/2 0 200
****** MAKING KERNEL FOR SEPARATE I & D SPACE PROCESSORS ******
as - -o l.o l.s
/lib/cpp -P -DSEP_ID -DK_OV -DKERNEL dump.s >dump.i
as - -o dump_id.o dump.i
rm -f dump.i
cc -c -O -DSEP_ID -DKERNEL c.c
cc -c -O -DSEP_ID -DKERNEL dds.c
cc -c -O -DSEP_ID -DKERNEL tds.c
cc -c -O -DSEP_ID -DKERNEL nds.c
cc -c -O -DSEP_ID -DKERNEL dksizes.c
cc -S -DKERNEL ec.c
ed - ec.s < :comm-to-bss
as - -o ec.o ec.s
rm ec.s
The output file will be named unix_id!
ovload
The unix_id sizes must be within the following limits:
root text segment > 49152 but <= 57344
overlay text segments <= 8192, 15 overlays maximum
bss + data segments <= 49088 total
root+(overlay 1, overlay 2,...overlay n)+data+bss = root+data = (total)
size unix_id
55616+(8128,7744,8128,7616,3648)+6242+30512 = 92370b = 0264322b (90880 total text)
rm l.o c.o dump_id.o dds.o tds.o nds.o dksizes.o ec.o
New kernel is now named `vixen.os'!
****** CHECKING SIZE OF NEW ULTRIX-11 OPERATING SYSTEM ******
`vixen.os' within limits, SYSGEN successful!
sysgen> ^D
$ su
# cp vixen.os /unix
#
Example boot of BSD 2.11
Boot> boot rp1
70Boot from xp(0,1,0) at 0176700
Press <CR> to boot, or any other key to abort: 0
: xp(0,1,0)unix
Boot: bootdev=05010 bootcsr=0176700
2.11 BSD UNIX #2: Oct 31 04:05:24 PST 1981
root@Sat:/usr/src/sys/VIXEN
phys mem = 3915776
avail mem = 3684480
user mem = 307200
hk ? csr 177440 vector 210 skipped: No CSR.
ht ? csr 172440 vector 224 skipped: No CSR.
ra ? csr 172150 vector 154 skipped: No CSR.
rl 0 csr 174400 vector 160 attached
tm 0 csr 172520 vector 224 attached
tms ? csr 174500 vector 260 skipped: No CSR.
ts ? csr 172520 vector 224 interrupt vector already in use.
xp 0 csr 176700 vector 254 attached
Automatic reboot in progress...
Sat Oct 31 16:00:38 PST 1981
Sat Oct 31 16:00:38 PST 1981
checking quotas: done.
Assuming non-networking system ...
checking for core dump...
preserving editor files
clearing /tmp
standard daemons: update cron accounting.
starting lpd
starting local daemons: sendmail.
Sat Oct 31 16:00:40 PST 1981
2.11 BSD UNIX (vixen.2bsd.com) (console)
login: root
erase, kill ^U, intr ^C
# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
/dev/xp1a 163557 85424 78133 52% /
# ps -aux
USER PID NICE SZ TTY TIME COMMAND
root 0 0 8 ? 0:00 swapper
root 1 0 29 ? 0:00 (init)
root 42 0 11 ? 0:00 update
root 45 0 51 ? 0:00 cron
root 49 -1 26 ? 0:00 acctd
root 55 0 47 ? 0:00 /usr/sbin/lpd
root 75 0 19 co 0:00 -sh
root 81 0 59 co 0:00 ps -aux
# ls -al
total 721
drwxr-xr-x 14 root 1024 Oct 31 04:11 .
drwxr-xr-x 14 root 1024 Oct 31 04:11 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 349 Oct 29 1996 .cshrc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 0 May 17 1995 .hushlogin
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 153 May 2 1997 .kermrc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 335 Oct 29 1996 .login
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 8 Jan 17 1988 .mailrc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 152 Oct 29 1996 .profile
-rw------- 1 root 0 Apr 22 2000 .rhosts
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 12 May 2 1997 .tiprc
-r--r--r-- 1 root 18648 Aug 28 1992 README
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 2714 Oct 31 02:55 VERSION
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 3371 Oct 31 02:55 VERSION~
drwxr-xr-x 3 root 512 Apr 23 2000 a
drwxr-xr-x 2 root 1024 Apr 23 2000 bin
-rwxr-x--- 1 root 36286 Oct 31 04:03 boot
drwxr-xr-x 3 root 4608 Oct 31 04:23 dev
-rwxr-x--x 1 root 38798 Oct 31 04:03 disklabel
drwxr-xr-x 3 root 1024 Oct 31 16:00 etc
-rwxr--r-- 1 root 170258 Apr 22 2000 genunix
-rw-r----- 1 root 11520 Oct 31 16:00 hostid.core
drwxr-xr-x 2 root 512 Apr 23 2000 lib
drwxr-xr-x 2 root 1024 Aug 17 1990 lost+found
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 27072 Oct 31 16:00 lpd.core
drwxr-xr-x 2 root 512 Apr 23 2000 mdec
drwxr-xr-x 2 root 512 Dec 31 1991 mnt
-rwxr----- 1 root 170258 Oct 31 03:15 oldunix
drwxr-xr-x 2 root 512 Apr 23 2000 sbin
-rw-r--r-- 1 root 24896 Oct 31 16:00 sendmail.core
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root 11 Apr 23 2000 sys -> usr/src/sys
drwxrwxrwt 2 root 512 Oct 31 16:00 tmp
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root 30490 Oct 31 04:03 toyset
-rwxr--r-- 1 root 170509 Oct 31 04:05 unix
drwxr-xr-x 28 root 512 Oct 31 02:03 usr
drwxr-xr-x 6 root 512 Apr 23 2000 var
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root 4 Apr 23 2000 vmunix -> unix
# while true; do echo; /usr/games/fortune; sleep 5; done
A man's best friend is his dogma.
Three rules for sounding like an expert:
1. Oversimplify your explanations to the point of uselessness.
2. Always point out second-order effects,
but never point out when they can be ignored.
3. Come up with three rules.
The human mind treats a new idea the way the
body treats a strange protein: it rejects it.
-- P. Medawar
Charlie was a chemist,
But Charlie is no more.
What Charlie thought was H2O was H2SO4.
^C
# cat > hello.c#include <stdio.h>
main() {
printf("Hello world\n");
}^D
# cc hello.c
# ls -al hello* a.out
-rwxr-x--x 1 root 5335 Mar 31 15:52 a.out
-rw-r----- 1 root 59 Mar 31 15:52 hello.c
# ./a.out
Hello world
# cat > size.c#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("Size of char: %d byte\n",sizeof(char));
printf("Size of int: %d bytes\n",sizeof(int));
printf("Size of float: %d bytes\n",sizeof(float));
printf("Size of double: %d bytes\n",sizeof(double));
}^D
# cc size.c
# ./a.out
Size of char: 1 byte
Size of int: 2 bytes
Size of float: 4 bytes
Size of double: 8 bytes
# cd /sys/VIXEN
# make
make -f Make.sys I=/usr/include H=../h M=../machine AS="/bin/as -V" CPP="/lib/cpp -P -DKERNEL -DVIXEN -DFPSIM -DSOFUB_MAP -I. -I../h" CFLAGS="-O -DKERNEL -DVIXEN -DFPSIM -DSOFUB_MAP -I. -I../h" SED="/bin/sed"
cc -O -DKERNEL -DVIXEN -DFPSIM -DSOFUB_MAP -I. -I../h -S ../sys/init_main.c
/bin/sed -f SPLFIX init_main.s | /bin/as -V -u -o init_main.o
rm -f init_main.s
cc -O -DKERNEL -DVIXEN -DFPSIM -DSOFUB_MAP -I. -I../h -S ../sys/init_sysent.c
...
text data bss dec hex
55168 8458 24348 87974 157a6 total text: 124736
overlays: 7680,7360,7680,7488,7488,7744,5632,8000,7744,2752
Compacting symbol table
symcompact unix
symcompact: 228 symbols removed
Compacting strings table
strcompact unix
rearranging symbols
symorder ../pdp/symbols.sort unix
./checksys unix
System will occupy 220576 bytes of memory (including buffers and clists).
end {0100046} nbuf {0020350} buf {0046716}
nproc {0020336} proc {0063746} ntext {0020340}
text {0077006} nfile {0020344} file {0074352}
ninode {0020342} inode {0020432} ncallout {0020346}
callout {0037216} ucb_clist {0020354} nclist {0020352}
ram_size {0000000} xitdesc {0020430} quotdesc {0000000}
namecache {0037736} _iosize {0010456} nlog {0017414}
# make install
install -c -o root -g kmem -m 744 unix /unix
# shutdown -h now
Shutdown at 04:29 (in 0 minutes) [pid 80]
*** FINAL System shutdown message from root@vixen.2bsd.com ***
System going down IMMEDIATELY
System shutdown time has arrived
# syncing disks... done
halting
Example boot of RSTS V9.6
Boot> boot rp2
RSTS V9.6-11 RSTS (DB2) INIT V9.6-11
Today's date? 31-OCT-86
Current time? 11:12
Start timesharing? <Yes> ^J
Default memory allocation table shows LESS
memory than INIT detects on this machine.
Adjusting memory table.
Memory allocation table:
0K: 00000000 - 00433777 ( 71K) : EXEC
71K: 00434000 - 15163777 (1622K) : USER
1693K: 15164000 - 16737777 ( 219K) : XBUF
Memory available to RSTS/E is 1912K words.
86.10.31 11:12
1 device disabled
Proceed with system startup? <YES> ^J
Beginning RSTS/E system startup...
86.10.31 11:12 Installing monitor overlays
86.10.31 11:12 Mounting disks
86.10.31 11:12 Assigning logical names
86.10.31 11:12 Starting error logging
86.10.31 11:12 Setting system characteristics
31-Oct-86 11:12 AM Installing run-time systems and libraries
31-Oct-86 11:12 AM Setting terminal characteristics
31-Oct-86 11:12 AM Defining system commands
31-Oct-86 11:12 AM Setting printer characteristics
31-Oct-86 11:12 AM Starting spoolers
*** From [1,2] on KB0: at 11:12 AM 31-Oct-86
** RSTS/E is on the air...
I11,70
Last logged in on 31-Oct-86, 06:42 AM at KB0:
Welcome to RSTS/E V9.6 time sharing
...
$ systat
RSTS V9.6-11 RSTS/E V9.6 status at 31-Oct-86, 11:12 AM Up: 29
Job Who Where What Size State Run-Time RTS
1 1,2 Det ERRCPY 5K SR 1.3 ...RSX
2 11,70 KB0 SYSTAT 16K RN Lck 0.2 ...RSX
3 1,2 Det PBS... 19K SL 0.1 ...RSX
Busy Devices: None
Disk Structure:
Dsk Open Size Free Clu Err Name Level Comments
DB2 18 171796 119440 69% 4 0 VIXEN 1.2 Pub, DLW
General FIP Hung
Buffers Buffers Jobs/Jobmax TTY's Errors
734 461 3/63 0 0
Run-Time Systems:
Name Typ Dev Size Users Comments
...RSX TSK 0(32)K 3 Monitor, KBM
DCL COM DB2: 24(8)K 0 Temp, Addr:71, DF KBM
RT11 SAV DB2: 4(28)K 0 Temp, Addr:108, KBM, CSZ, EMT:255
BASIC BAC DB2: 16(16)K 0 Non-Res, KBM, CSZ
TECO TEC DB2: 10(20)K 0 Non-Res, KBM
Resident Libraries:
Name Prot Acct Size Users Comments
CSPLIB < 42> DB2:[ 0,1 ] 8K 2 Temp, Addr:100
EDT < 42> DB2:[ 0,11 ] 39K 0 Non-Res
RMSRES < 42> DB2:[ 0,10 ] 4K 1 Temp, Addr:1689
RMSLBA < 42> DB2:[ 0,10 ] 4K 1 Temp, Addr:139
RMSLBB < 42> DB2:[ 0,10 ] 3K 1 Temp, Addr:132
RMSLBC < 42> DB2:[ 0,10 ] 3K 1 Non-Res
RMSLBD < 42> DB2:[ 0,10 ] 2K 1 Temp, Addr:143
RMSLBE < 42> DB2:[ 0,10 ] 3K 1 Temp, Addr:125
RMSLBF < 42> DB2:[ 0,10 ] 4K 1 Temp, Addr:128
DAPRES < 42> DB2:[ 0,10 ] 10K 0 Non-Res, Addr:1679
Message Receivers:
Rcvrid Job Rib Obj Msgs/Max Links/InMax/OutMax Access
ERRLOG 1 0 1 0/40 0/0/0 Prv
QM$CMD 3 1 3 0/20 0/0/255 Prv
QM$SRV 3 2 4 0/30 0/0/255 Prv
QM$URP 3 3 5 0/10 0/0/255 Lcl
PR$03A 3 17 65 0/5 0/0/255 Prv
PR$03B 3 25 65 0/5 0/0/255 Prv
BA$03A 3 41 66 0/5 0/0/255 Prv
BA$03B 3 49 66 0/5 0/0/255 Prv
BA$03C 3 57 66 0/5 0/0/255 Prv
$ help
You can obtain on-line information about any DCL command or qualifier, as
well as many other general topics. For more complete details about a
topic, refer to the appropriate RSTS manual or guide.
The RSTS/E System User's Guide contains descriptions of the DCL commands
and qualifiers that you use in file, system, and programming operations.
The RSTS/E System Manager's Guide contains descriptions of the DCL
commands and qualifiers used in system management operations.
See the RSTS/E Quick Reference Guide for the syntax of all DCL commands
and qualifiers on RSTS/E.
For instructions on how to use this HELP facility, type HELP HELP from
DCL, or type HELP in response to the HELP Topic? prompt.
Additional help is available on:
@ Accounts Advanced ALLOCATE APPEND
ASSIGN ATTACH BACKUP BASIC BROADCAST
BYE CCL CLOSE COBOL COPY
CREATE Dates DCL DEALLOCATE DEASSIGN
DEFINE DELETE DETACH DIBOL DIFFERENCES
DIRECTORY DISMOUNT DUMP EDIT Entries
EOD EXIT Expressions Files FORCE
...
Topic? ^Z
$ set term/width:80
$ dir
Name .Typ Size Prot Name .Typ Size Prot SY:[11,70]
ACEY .BAS 5 < 60> TREK .BAS 16 < 60>
TREK .DOC 9 < 60> ANIMAL.BAS 5 < 60>
STRTRK.BAS 27 < 60> STRTR1.BAS 9 < 60>
ADVENT.DOC 4 < 60> ADVENT.SAV 93 <124>
ADVENT.VAR 22 < 60> ADVTXT.TXT 125 < 60>
SYSMAC.SML 42 < 60> HELLO .MAC 1 < 60>
BOOT .MAC 24 < 60> PI .BAS 1 < 60>
PRIME .BAS 1 < 60>
Total of 384 blocks in 15 files in SY:[11,70]
$ switch basic
Ready
run prime
1 2 3 5 7
11 13 17 19 23
29 31 37 41 43
...
CPU TIME 2.7 SECONDS
Ready
list
PRIME 11:14 AM 31-Oct-86
10 REM PRIME NUMBERS
20 S=TIME(1)
30 FOR I%=1% TO 1000%
40 FOR J%=2% TO I%-1%
50 IF I%/J%*J%=I% THEN 80
60 NEXT J%
70 PRINT I%,
80 NEXT I%
90 PRINT
100 PRINT "CPU TIME ", (TIME(1) - S) / 10, " SECONDS"
999 END
Ready
bye
Saved all disk files on SY: 424 blocks in use
Job 2 User 11,70 logged off KB0: at 31-Oct-86 11:14 AM
System RSTS V9.6-11 RSTS/E V9.6
Run time was 4.2 seconds
Elapsed time was 2 minutes
Good morning
Example boot of RSX 11M 4.6
Boot> boot rp3
RSX-11M V4.6 BL56 1912.K MAPPED
>RED DB3:=SY:
>RED DB3:=LB:
>MOU DB3:RSXM56
>@DB3:[1,2]STARTUP
>* PLEASE ENTER TIME AND DATE (HR:MN DD-MMM-YY) [S]: 11:12 31-OCT-76
>TIM 11:12 31-OCT-76
>* ENTER LINE WIDTH OF THIS TERMINAL [D D:132.]: 80
>SET /BUF=TI:80.
>ACS SY:/BLKS=1024.
>;
>; This system startup command file (LB:[1,2]STARTUP.CMD) contains a
>; template of commands to initialize the queue print spooler and queue
>; LP0:, initialize the error logger, initialize the DCL CLI, and install
>; the RMS Library and Utilities. As is these commands are commented out
>; and are not executed. To include these commands as part of the
>; startup procedure, edit the file to remove the period and semi-colon
>; (.;) comment delimiter from the beginning of each line. These
>; commands may be useful for initializing the various facilities for
>; your installation or else they may provide a model with which to
>; tailor initialization commands for your particular installation.
>;
>ELI /LOG
11:12:04 ERRLOG -- Error Logging initialized
>CLI /INIT=DCL/TASK=...DCL
>INS LB:[1,54]PIP.TSK
>INS LB:[1,54]EDT.TSK
>INS LB:[1,54]TKB.TSK
>INS LB:[1,54]MAC.TSK
>INS LB:[1,54]BRU.TSK
>@ <EOF>
>PIP [200,1]/LI
Directory DB3:[200,1]
31-OCT-76 11:12
GSA.MAC;1 19. 03-JAN-90 17:07
SEARCH.MAC;1 10. 03-JAN-90 17:07
RENAME.MAC;1 12. 03-JAN-90 17:07
ERASE.MAC;1 10. 03-JAN-90 17:07
PARSE.MAC;1 11. 03-JAN-90 17:07
SEARCH.TSK;1 26. C 03-JAN-90 17:07
RENAME.TSK;1 26. C 03-JAN-90 17:07
ERASE.TSK;1 25. C 03-JAN-90 17:07
PARSE.TSK;1 22. C 03-JAN-90 17:07
....
Total of 533./533. blocks in 34. files
>HELP
Help is available for many RSX-11M commands and utilities.
For help in logging into the system, type HELP HELLO or HELP
LOGIN. You'll need a user-ID and password to log in. Ask your
system manager.
RSX-11M systems have two major command languages or CLIs: MCR
and DCL. Once you log in, your terminal is set to either
MCR or DCL. (All terminals are set to MCR prior to logging in.)
The general forms of the HELP command are:
>HELP[/cli] topic [subtopic[s]]
>HELP commandname [switch]
Once you are logged in, you need not include the name of the CLI
to which your terminal is set.
For information on what further help is available, type
HELP[/MCR] LIST (brackets indicate an optional command line
entry) or HELP/DCL. For a listing of help available on other
topics, type HELP[/MCR] MORE or HELP/DCL MORE. You need not
log in to get help.
>TAS
LDR... 13.02 LDRPAR 248. 00002600 LB0:-00104402 FIXED
TKTN 05.00 SYSPAR 248. 00011700 LB0:-00110145
...RMD 03.00 GEN 225. 00027200 LB0:-00112034
F11MSG 13.00 GEN 200. 00005700 LB0:-00110164
MTAACP 15.01 GEN 200. 00014700 LB0:-00111651
...DMO 04.00 GEN 160. 00014600 LB0:-00107227
MCR... 07.00 SYSPAR 160. 00011700 LB0:-00110050
...DCL 5.04 GEN 160. 00051500 LB0:-00110525
...MOU 27.01 GEN 160. 00037700 LB0:-00110402
...MCR 07.00 GEN 160. 00020000 LB0:-00110211
F11ACP 06.01 FCPPAR 149. 00024200 LB0:-00107323
...
>BYE
Have a Good Morning
31-OCT-76 11:12 TT0: logged off VIXEN
>HELLO
Account or name: 11,70
Password: PDP
RSX-11M BL56 [1,54] System VIXEN
31-OCT-76 11:12 Logged on Terminal TT0:
Good Morning
>@LOGIN.CMD
Welcome to RSX-11M V4.6 time sharing
This is a minimal system with a user account of 200,1 (no password) and 11,70 (p
assword of PDP)
Hopefully it demonstrates how things were in the good old days
Paul Nankervis
paulnank@hotmail.com
>@ <EOF>
>DIR
Directory DB3:[11,70]
31-OCT-76 11:12
HELLO.MAC;1 1. 31-OCT-76 06:55
LOGIN.CMD;1 1. 31-OCT-76 06:48
LOGIN.CMD;2 1. 31-OCT-76 06:48
Total of 3./3. blocks in 3. files
>EDIT HELLO.MAC
1 ; HELLO WORLD IN ASSEMBLER FOR THE DEC PDP-11 WITH THE
*type whole
1 ; HELLO WORLD IN ASSEMBLER FOR THE DEC PDP-11 WITH THE
2 ; RSX-11M-PLUS OPERATING SYSTEM
3 ;
4 .TITLE HELLO
5 .IDENT /V0001A/
6 .MCALL QIOW$S, EXIT$S
7 .PSECT $CODE,RO,I
8 START: QIOW$S #IO.WVB,#5,#2,,,,<#STR,#LEN,#40>
9 EXIT$S
10 .PSECT $DATA,RO,D
11 STR: .ASCII / HELLO WORLD!/
12 LEN=.-STR
13 .END START
14
[EOB]
*exit
DB3:[11,70]HELLO.MAC;2 14 lines
>MACRO HELLO
>LINK HELLO
>RUN HELLO
HELLO WORLD!
>LOGOUT
Have a Good Morning
31-OCT-76 11:13 TT0: logged off VIXEN
>
Example boot of RSTS V10.1
Boot> boot rp4
RSTS V10.1-L RSTS (DB4) INIT V10.1-0L
Today's date? 13-MAR-90
Current time? 9:00
Start timesharing? <Yes>
Size of monitor has changed from 78K to 77K.
Default memory allocation table shows LESS
memory than INIT detects on this machine.
Adjusting memory table.
Memory allocation table:
0K: 00000000 - 00463777 ( 77K) : EXEC
77K: 00464000 - 15653777 (1694K) : USER
1771K: 15654000 - 16737777 ( 141K) : XBUF
Memory available to RSTS/E is 1912K words.
13-Mar-90 09:00 AM
5 devices disabled
Proceed with system startup? <YES>
Beginning RSTS/E system startup...
13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Installing monitor overlays
13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Mounting disks
13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Assigning logical names
13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Starting error logging
13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Setting system characteristics
13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Installing run-time systems and libraries
13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Starting Operator/Message Services
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> OMS V10.1-A 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
Message 1 from OMS, user [1,2], Detached, job 3
Starting Operator/Message Services
13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Setting terminal characteristics
13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Defining system commands
13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Setting printer characteristics
13-Mar-90 09:00 AM Starting spoolers
*** From [1,2] "[ 1, 2]" on KB0: at 09:00 AM 13-Mar-90
** RSTS/E is on the air...
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> OMS V10.1-A 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
Message 2 from user [1,2] on _KB0:, job 2
The system startup is complete
login
RSTS V10.1-L 13-Mar-90 09:00 AM
User: 11,70
$ cc hello
$ link/cc hello
$ run hello
Hello world!
$ switch basic
Ready
run prime
1 2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19
23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59
...
Ready
switch dcl
$ run auxlib$:fit
FIT V10.1-A RSTS V10.1-L RSTS/E V10.1
FIT>*.*=dk1:dungeo.*/rt
FIT>*.*=dk1:dsave.dat/rt
FIT>*.*=dk1:dindx.dat/rt
FIT>*.*=dk1:dtext.dat/rt
FIT>^Z
$ run dungeo
Welcome to Dungeon. This version created 10-AUG-78.
You are in an open field west of a big white house with a boarded
front door.
There is a small mailbox here.
>
Software Sources
The software used in this emulator has been sourced from many place on the Internet - unfortunately some of these now appear to have dissapeared. If you are looking for something I would suggest the following main sites, or failing that a google search. :-(
